DARPA Announces First-Ever AI-Controlled F-16 In-Air Combat Tests

DARPA’s Air Combat Evolution (ACE) program has announced the first-ever in-air tests of AI algorithms controlling an F-16 aircraft in within-visual-range combat scenarios against a human-piloted F-16.

These tests occurred at the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, using a modified F-16 test aircraft known as the X-62A or VISTA (Variable In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft).

The demonstrations, conducted from 2023 into 2024, showcased advancements in autonomous flight and human-machine teaming for military applications. The U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School and DARPA were recognized as finalists for the 2023 Robert J. Collier Trophy for their contributions to advancing aerospace technology through the ACE program.

Over a period of less than a year, the ACE program implemented AI agents into the X-62A's systems and made software changes, culminating in over 21 test flights and successful engagements with manned F-16 aircraft. These engagements involved both defensive and offensive maneuvers, demonstrating the potential of AI-controlled flight in complex combat scenarios.

The X-62A VISTA aircraft was operated with safety pilots onboard who had the ability to disengage the AI if necessary, although no such action was required during the dogfighting tests.

This test represents a critical step forward in integrating machine learning into flight-critical systems, with potential applications in both military and civilian aerospace technology.